Distillation Lab Report Free Essays

Data and Conclusions: The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use distillation and gas chromatography to separate and identify different compounds from a given mixture. There are several kinds of distillation methods. However, the method that we used in this experiment was fractional distillation. We will write a custom essay sample on Distillation Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now This method is used when trying to separate two different volatile compounds whose boiling points differ by 40-50Â °C or more. If the boiling points are too close, this method will not work because the two compounds will begin evaporating at close temperatures and will condense down to the receiving flasks at relatively the same times. This will not create an ideal separation. The apparatus used for this type of distillation is longer than that of a simple distillation experiment because this kind of apparatus creates more efficient separation. This happens because the fractional distillation apparatus is longer, and allows for several simple distillations to occur within the column itself to more accurately separate liquids. The inside of the column is said to have theoretical plates, or equilibrium stages that are created by the vapor and liquid stages of a compound that create this accuracy. The column must also be insulated with cotton and aluminum to prevent any heat loss that may lead to inaccurate temperature readings or even effect the evaporation of the different compounds. When heating the stillpot, flameless heating should be used along with a magnetic stirbar. This is important to control the temperature of the mixture and keep the heat smooth and constant. Heating the mixture too fast could result in no fractionation in the column and lead to no separation. Likewise, if the mixture is heated too slowly, the vapors might now make it all the way to the condenser, and the liquid will fall back into the stillpot. If the mixture is heated correctly and constantly, the vapors should condense through a condenser and into a receiving flask. This condenser should have water running through it at all times to keep it cool and keep the condensed vapor flowing down into the receiving flask. As a whole, the entire apparatus works perfectly for two different volatile liquids with 40-50Â °C boiling point differences because as the liquid with the lower boiling point is distilled out, the higher boiling point liquid will remain in the stillpot as the other is evaporating and distilled. Then, it will be able to evaporate later as the temperature rises, after the other has more than completely distilled out. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I noticed that while taking the three fractions, fraction A filled up the full 15 mL and continued distilling through fraction B, and eventually stopped. Because of this, I hypothesized that all of fraction A and most of fraction B consisted of the low boiling point compound. As I raised the temperature of the hotplate, I was able to collect fraction C, and I predicted that it was composed of mostly the high boiling point liquid. To test this, the experiment called for the use of gas chromatography. The chromatography would not only show the relative concentrations of each compound in the fraction, but could also help confirm the identification of the compounds we thought were in the fractions based on the temperatures that each liquid boiled. Before trying to guess the correct compounds of the mixture, one must run each individual fraction through the machine to clearly see the composition of each. Gas chromatography works because as the liquid runs through the machine, its different components run through and exit at different times due to changes of temperatures that measure high and low boiling points. The machine records these using peaks of retention time that identify these different components. After obtaining this data, there was enough information to choose a reasonable match for each of the components. Once both the fractions and the guessed compound were mixed, the retention recordings should not differ in the number of peaks because ideally the compound mixed should have the same retention time as one of the other previous peaks. If the compounds were to differ in the number of peaks, then it shows that another compound must be present with different properties. As I conducted this portion of the experiment, I guessed cyclohexane for my low boiling point liquid and toluene or heptane for my high boiling point liquid based on the fractional distillation observations. For cyclohexane I mixed it with fraction A, since it predominantly consisted of my low boiling point liquid, and observed two peaks in my results. Therefore I concluded that cyclohexane was the low boiling point liquid. However, for the second liquid I guessed heptane first, and my results showed three peaks. Knowing that I had guessed wrong, I tested toluene mixed with my fraction C and only got two peaks. The high boiling point liquid proved to be toluene. In conclusion, my results all matched the main ideas and theories presented in the experiment. From my results I was able to figure out the composition of each of the compounds in the initial mixture and compare them to those of the rest of the class. My results only varied by 3. 18%. When using the two different methods of calculating the composition, the second method using the chromatography peaks was more accurate, and compared to the first method of assuming the ideal compositions, the results differed from the class average by over 10%. Based on the consistency of our class results using the second method, the two compounds proved to have been distilled using the proper method, and is reinforced by the use of gas chromatography. How to cite Distillation Lab Report, Essay examples

Marketing Principle Australian Market

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Principle for Australian Market. Answer: Introduction The study will discuss about the marketing mix analysis of a new international brand of soft drink that focuses on launching the new brand in Australian market. However, it can be said that the study will put emphasis on the product decisions and pricing decisions of the new brand energy drink. Product Decisions Three Layers of the Product A product has three layers in it which is known as total product concept. In this context, the total product concept of the soft drink brand is consisted of three layers of augmented product, core product and actual product. The core product characteristics include the problem solving benefits of the soft drink i.e. reducing the medical conditions of caffeine overdose, cardiovascular and neurological defects, sugar consumption, etc. The augmented product benefits that the customers will receive on consuming the soft drink are brand equity, innovative product, great price, no side effects, etc (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). The actual product consists of styling, packaging, brand name, product parts while combining in delivering the core benefits of the soft drinks. Creation of Brand Name Branding is an important aspect of the product in terms of customer attraction. It can be said that branding of the product will involve few elements of such as brand name, brand mark and brand equity. The brand name that will be selected for the soft drink will be easy to remember, unique, short, describe product benefits, reinforce the product image, etc. The name suggested for the soft drink is Tango. The name is itself a suggestive refreshing taste along with the brand equity of the product. The above elements of the brand name are easily suggested by the brand name. As it is a global brand, hence the name is important for customer attraction (Stock, Six and Zacharias 2013). Packaging of the Product The packaging of the product consists of the different types of packaging both in plastic bottles and in tetra pack. The packaging of the product consists of physical protection, enables specific quantities, proper designs, vibrant colors, materials to try, etc. The packaging will be easy in handling types of facilitating, convenience, extend product shelf life. The packaging must be handy and must be available in many sizes. The packaging must facilitate reducing environmental damage and recycling. Health benefits of the products including persuasive labeling, informational labeling, and universal product codes are to be mentioned in the products (Kotler et al. 2015). Price Decisions Pricing Objective Pricing is a vital objective of the marketer in order to launch the new soft drink brand in the market. It can be said that the pricing is the most important point of the marketing mix of the soft drink brand in the Australian market. It is already mentioned that the brand is new in Australian market. The price of the product will be set in a way so that they can maximize the profitability for every unit of sales of the products. It will be used while defending in the existing market with the other competitive rival brands. Another objective is to achieve a substantial market share in the soft drinks market of Australia after entering into the country (Baker 2014). Pricing Point and Pricing Strategy The pricing point of the new soft drink brand in the Australian market is intended to create an image in the minds of the consumers of Australia. The decision of the company while choosing the proper pricing strategy will be responsible for creating an impact on the consumers decision making process. The company must consider the pricing strategies of the competitors while applying the appropriate pricing strategies. The competitive advantage of the company in order to select a pricing strategy is odd value pricing or charm pricing (Solomon 2014). This will definitely hit the Australian consumers. Pricing Tactics Pricing point of the soft drink brand in the Australian market is defined as the prices where the demand of the soft drink is high. With the increase of the demand of the product and the health consciousness of the consumers odd value pricing is appropriate. It is a tactic that will sell the soft drink at $9.99 instead of $10. Customers will be able to perceive the odd value prices that will act as a more attractive part (Hollensen 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded that the product attributes and the pricing decisions that are taken by the company will definitely hit the Australian market. Consumers of Australia will prefer the soft drink as it is loaded with health benefits along with a good refreshing taste if marketing mix is done properly. References Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Stock, R.M., Six, B. and Zacharias, N.A., 2013. Linking multiple layers of innovation-oriented corporate culture, product program innovativeness, and business performance: A contingency approach.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(3), pp.283-299.

Feedback To Employees Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Provide Feedback To Employees. Answer: Providing feedbacks to the employees based on their performance and the production is a crucial duty of every manager in an organization. However, giving performance appraisal or production report to the employees leads the managers to face various challenges in an organization (Vidgen, Shaw Grant, 2017). One of the most important is the maintenance of the confidentiality while giving feedbacks to the employees regarding their performance. However, the manager needs to maintain the confidentiality while giving any compensation, reward or warning to the employees regarding their performance. However, the information regarding the feedback if disclose then it may create a negative effect on the other employees. Often the manager faces issue while giving the reward to the employees based on their performance. However, offering the reward to some employees of the same designation creates jealousy and breaks the trust of other employees towards the organization. The managers need to provide feedback to the employees as a coach rather than a boss (Vidgen, Shaw Grant, 2017). However, if the managers give the feedback rudely to the employees regarding their poor performance then it creates a misunderstanding between the employees and the manager, which affects their relationship as well as the business (Delaney et al., 2017). The manager needs to involve the employees in the decision making and to understand their issues regarding the work. Hence, it is important for the managers to understand the work related issue that is faced by the employees while giving them feedbacks about the business otherwise it is difficult for the manager to motivate the employees towards their work. Dealing with the performance issue is a major challenge that is often faced by the employees while giving feedbacks to the employees (Johnson, 2017). As for example, when a manager asks the employees to improve their performance by giving them feedback then employees generate work related issue. Therefore, it is difficult for the manager to understand every employee's issue and to resolve it as the each employee has an individual problem in the workplace. Differentiation between the personal and task conflict is another challenge that is usually occurred to a manager while giving the feedbacks (Jain et al., 2016). However, it is possible for the managers to give the alternative idea to reduce the task conflict while it is difficult for them to resolve the personal conflict between the team members. This situation resists the managers to encourage the employees in their work by giving feedbacks. The managers often face ethical conflict while giving feedbacks to the employees. As for example, it is important for the managers to maintain the hierarchy rules and the organizational policy that often affects the employees benefit in an organization. Hence, this situation leads the managers to face ethical issue while motivating the employees to perform better by maintaining the strict rules and policy of the organization (Delaney et al., 2017). Communication problem is another problem that occurs to the managers while giving feedbacks to the staffs (Jain et al., 2016). However, if the managers are not able to communicate with the employees properly regarding the productivity or performance then it is too hard to the managers to gain success from their feedbacks as the employee are not able to understand the organizational goal. References Delaney, Y., Pattinson, B., McCarthy, J., Beecham, S. (2017). Transitioning from traditional to problem-based learning in management education: the case of a frontline manager skills development programme.Innovations in Education and Teaching International,54(3), 214-222. Jain, N. R., Jain, N. R., Jaisinghani, D., Jaisinghani, D. (2017). Overcoming the HR challenge: a case of merger of Kotak Mahindra Bank and ING Vysya Bank. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 7(2), 1-16. Johnson, C. E. (2017).Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Vidgen, R., Shaw, S., Grant, D. B. (2017). Management challenges in creating value from business analytics.European Journal of Operational Research,261(2), 626-639.

Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, , Term Papers

Color Purple In Alice Walker's The Color Purple Celie faces love obstacles in the beginning of the novel. eventually, she overpowers these obstructions and truimphs. One example of a love obstacle Celie faces that eventually ends in truimph can be found following one of her beatings on page 23, where he writes states "It all I can do not to cry. I make myself wood." This clearly conveys that Celie lacks love in the early portion of her life. However, she truimphs when she meets Shug Avery, who says on page 118, " I love you Miss Celie." These words show how Celie makes the transition from being unloved to being loved. Another example of a love obstacle that she truimphs is stated on page 13 where she meets Harpo. "He pick up a rock and laid my head open." Obviously, due to his vulgar actions, he has nolove for his new mother. The trimph comes later in the novel Harpo and Celie form a bond a mother would have with her son.

How to Use a Scientific Calculator

How to Use a Scientific Calculator You might know all the formulas for math and science problems, but if you dont know how to use your scientific calculator, youll never get the correct answer. Heres a quick review of how to recognize a scientific calculator, what the keys mean, and how to enter data correctly. What Is a Scientific Calculator? First, you need to know how a scientific calculator is different from other calculators. There are three main types of calculators: basic, business, and scientific. You cant work chemistry, physics, engineering, or trigonometry problems on a basic or business calculator because they dont have functions youll need to use. Scientific calculators include exponents, log, natural log (ln), trig functions, and memory. These functions are vital when youre working with scientific notation or any formula with a geometry component. Basic calculators can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Business calculators include buttons for interest rates. They typically ignore the order of operations. Scientific Calculator Functions The buttons may be labeled differently depending on the manufacturer, but here is a list of common functions and what they mean: Operation Mathematical Function + plus or addition - minus or subtraction Note: On a scientific calculator there is a different button to make a positive number into a negative number, usually marked (-) or NEG (negation) * times, or multiply by / or à · divided by, over, division by ^ raised to the power of yx or xy y raised to the power x or x raised to the y Sqrt or √ square root ex exponent, raise e to the power x LN natural logarithm, take the log of SIN sine function SIN-1 inverse sine function, arcsine COS cosine function COS-1 inverse cosine function, arccosine TAN tangent function TAN-1 inverse tangent function or arctangent ( ) parentheses, instructs calculator to do this operation first Store (STO) place a number in memory for later use Recall recover the number from memory for immediate use How to Use a Scientific Calculator The obvious way to learn to use the calculator is to read the manual. If you got a calculator that didnt come with a manual, you can usually search for the model online and download a copy. Otherwise, you need to do a bit of experimentation or youll enter in the right numbers and still get the wrong answer. The reason this happens is that different calculators process order of operations differently. For example, if your calculation  is: 3 5 * 4 You know, according to the order of operations, the 5 and the 4 should be multiplied by each other before adding the 3. Your calculator may or may not know this. If you press 3 5 x 4, some calculators will give you the answer 32 and others will give you 23 (which is correct). Find out what your calculator does. If you see an issue with the order of operations, you can either enter 5 x 4 3 (to get the multiplication out of the way) or use parentheses 3 (5 x 4). Which Keys to Press and When to Press Them Here are some example calculations and how to determine the correct way to enter them. Whenever you borrow someones calculator, get into the habit of performing these simple tests to make sure youre using it correctly. Square Root: Find the square root of 4. You know the answer is 2 (right?). On your calculator, find out whether you need to enter 4 and then press the SQRT key or whether you hit the SQRT key and then enter 4.  Taking the Power: The key may be marked xy or yx. You need to find out whether the first number you enter is the x or the y. Test this by entering 2, power key, 3. If the answer was 8, then you took 23, but if you got 9, the calculator gave you 32.10x: Again, test to see whether you press the 10x button and then enter your x or whether you enter the x value and then press the button. This is critical for science problems, where youll live in the land of scientific notation!Trig Functions: When youre working with angles, keep in mind many calculators let you select whether to express the answer in degrees or radians. Then, you need to determine whether you enter the angle (check the units) and then sin, cos, tan, etc., or whether you press the sin, cos, etc., button and then enter the number. How do you test this: Remember the sine of a 30-degree angle is 0.5. Enter 30 and then SIN and see if you get 0.5. No? Try SIN and then 30. If you get 0.5 using one of these methods, then you know which works. However, if you get -0.988 then your calculator is set to radian mode. To change to degrees, look for a MODE key. There is often an indicator of units written right up with the numerals to let you know what youre getting.

Statement of Purpose + Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Statement of Purpose + Autobiography - Essay Example The testimonies of students do attest to a driven and highly respected learning community; the presence of a culture that fosters innovation and academic contribution; and having a highly competent faculty. Perhaps, the most appealing feature of the graduate programs that Fielding offers is the establishment of nurturing mentoring relationships with the students. I am a strong advocate of coaching and mentoring, and do believe that a post graduate student should be accountable for his or her learning as well. Its reputation is attested to by its accolades. For one, it is the sole program in clinical psychology that is acknowledged and certified by the American Psychological Association. Moreover, it explicitly expresses its intent to teach out of the box, and beyond the conventional graduate programs offered by similar learning institutions. Since I am strongly for innovation as a value, I would like to be part of a learning community that similarly attaches premium to out-of-box thinking. Moreover, in future practice, both in the professional and research spheres, I would like to explore more non-traditional counseling areas where I can add the most value. Yet another personal advocacy that I have is the respect for diversity, which is also apparently espoused by Fielding. The site indicates that Fieldings Clinical Psychology program " brings a rich diversity of prior learning and professional experience with backgrounds in psychology and many students have experience as therapists and counselors". I believe that interaction with individuals of varying backgrounds will make the learning experience richer, as it will permit you to evaluate issues and insights from differing perspectives. I plan to be as inclusive as possible in my practice, helping as many people as I can possibly can. In fact, I have a strong leaning towards helping indigents. Fielding has acknowledged the

Leonardo da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leonardo da Vinci - Research Paper Example Largely self-educated, Da Vinci went on to fill thousands of dense and neatly penned secret commentaries and theories, a number of which have been descriptively difficult to interpret. Though his ideas and findings had no direct influence on later science, the very combination of intellect and imagination to create such inventions as a flying machine [aircraft] based on the physiology of a bat would later enter the world of manufacturing with the ultimate assembly of a number of powered engine machines like the automated bobbin winder. A polymath with an "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination," Da Vinci’s intellect, energy, and bravery in confronting problems and/or questions his time cut him uniquely among the rest as perhaps the most diversely talented individual that has ever lived. Indeed as art historian Helen Gardner (1970) notes, Da Vinci’s personality was without precedent, not only with regards to the scope and depth of his interests, bu t also in terms of the mystery as well as how remote his observations were; for the empirical methods he employed were far much beyond the workable designs of his time. His private life was kept much way from the public limelight, drawing much speculation from a section of scholars, more so about his sexuality. With reverence for sight (â€Å"knowing how to see†) as the most important aspect of human life, Da Vinci saw art and science as complementary rather than distinct, in effect, summing up his intellectual acumen that traversed across fields of study (Freud, 2012). Accordingly, he spent a great deal of time testing scientific laws, dissecting bodies, those humans as well as animals, structuring his observations, and finally releasing his thoughts in the thousands of manuscripts that have more than divided scholars on the specificity of his vision. Probably due to